Research is systematic study designed to add to or verify existing knowledge. It is
different from practice theory in that it relies on standardized, formal procedures
in the search for new knowledge. Standardized means the use of systematic and orderly
procedures for collecting data; that the procedures are described in detail; that the
procedures can be replicated by others.
Research is a process involving many steps. These are:
1.Problem Formulation - The process by which researchers develop a precise statement
that can be operationalized.
The problem formulation must be stated in way that ultimately lends itself to
measurement. The research problem is connected through a literature search to other
related problems and knowledge i.e., research is cumulative.
1.Development of questions or hypotheses for study - This includes the development
of conceptual frameworks and operational concepts.
2.Selection of a study design to guide the collection of data.
A.Selection of a study design incorporates many concerns.
a.The research resources available
b.The level of certainty needed by the consumers of the research.
c.Whether human subjects are involved.
d.The time available.
B.Ethical concerns
a.Research cannot lead to harming clients.
b.Denial of an intervention may constitute harm
c.Informed consent
d.Confidentiality
2.Methodology - This includes selecting measurement techniques to be used, the
setting where the research is to be conducted and the population or group to be
studied.
Ratio scales are interval scales with an absolute zero point.
Standard deviation is a measure of variability.
In research, a variable that is consequence of an antecedent variable is called a
Dependent Variable
Maturation, regression and experimental mortality are examples of threats to Internal
Validity.
Survey research may be either descriptive or ex post facto.
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